During his speech addressing Congress, US President Donald Trump raised concerns over the rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United States. He claimed that the country has witnessed a dramatic spike in autism cases, stating, "Not long ago, one in 10,000 children had autism. Now it's one in 36. There's something wrong."Trump’s statement has reignited discussions around the causes of autism, diagnostic advancements, and the scientific explanations behind the increasing numbers. While experts acknowledge the significant rise in diagnosed autism cases, they point to various contributing factors, including better awareness, improved screening, genetic and environmental influences, and evolving diagnostic criteria.
 

Understanding Autism: What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The severity of symptoms varies, making it a spectrum disorder affecting individuals differently.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), autism is a diverse neurological condition linked to brain development. The abilities and support needs of autistic individuals can vary widely, and many diagnosed individuals can lead independent lives with the right support and intervention.
 

How Common is Autism in the US?

In his speech, Trump implied that autism rates have surged drastically. While historical data suggests lower prevalence rates in the past, experts note that Trump’s claim of 1 in 10,000 cases is inaccurate.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), autism prevalence in the US was:

• 1 in 150 children born in 1992 (diagnosed by 2000)
• 1 in 36 children born in 2012 (diagnosed by 2020)

The significant jump in autism cases does not necessarily indicate an epidemic but rather a change in awareness, diagnosis rates, and medical criteria.
 

Causes and Risk Factors of Autism

While Trump’s remarks did not delve into potential causes, various scientific studies have explored factors contributing to autism. Researchers have identified multiple genetic and environmental factors that may play a role in ASD.

1. Genetic and Environmental Factors

• Over 100 genes have been associated with autism, with some mutations increasing susceptibility.
• Children born to older parents, especially fathers, have a higher likelihood of developing autism.
• Exposure to certain environmental conditions during pregnancy or early childhood may contribute to ASD risk.

2. The Role of Vitamin D

• Studies suggest that poor maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy may influence autism risk.
• Some researchers believe that low vitamin D enzyme activity in early brain development could contribute to ASD.
• However, further research is required to establish a conclusive link between vitamin D deficiency and autism.

3. Vaccination and Autism: The Controversial Debate

Despite ongoing speculation, there is no scientific evidence linking childhood vaccinations to autism.

• Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the current head of the Department of Health and Human Services, has previously suggested a connection, but multiple scientific studies have refuted this theory.
• The CDC, WHO, and major health organizations worldwide have confirmed that vaccines do not cause autism.

Signs and Symptoms of Autism

According to the CDC, children with autism may exhibit early signs of the condition, typically before the age of five. Common symptoms include:

Social Communication and Interaction Challenges

• Avoids or does not maintain eye contact
• Does not respond to their name by 9 months
• Shows limited facial expressions (happy, sad, angry) by 9 months
• Does not play interactive games by 12 months
• Uses few or no gestures by 12 months (e.g., waving goodbye)
• Fails to notice others’ emotions or join social play by 2-3 years

Repetitive Behaviors and Restricted Interests

• Repeats words or phrases excessively
• Becomes upset over minor routine changes
• Shows intense interest in specific topics
• Reacts unusually to sensory experiences (light, sound, textures, taste)

How is Autism Diagnosed?

Autism is diagnosed based on behavioral observations rather than a single medical test.

• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) outlines the criteria for autism diagnosis.
• Professionals assess social communication difficulties, repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities before confirming ASD.
• In the US, screening is commonly conducted during early childhood developmental check-ups.

Autism Prevalence in India

While Trump’s speech focused on US autism rates, similar discussions are taking place worldwide.

• According to the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP), autism affects 1 in 68 children in India.
• Boys are more likely to be diagnosed than girls, with an estimated male-to-female ratio of 3:1.
• Autism awareness in India is improving, but better screening and early diagnosis methods are needed.

The Need for More Research and Awareness

Despite over $1 billion spent on autism research, experts say that more studies are needed to understand the full range of risk factors, genetic links, and effective interventions.With autism diagnoses increasing, early intervention, therapy, and education remain crucial in ensuring that individuals on the spectrum receive the necessary support to thrive in society.As Trump’s comments continue to spark debates, experts stress the importance of data accuracy and promoting scientific research over unverified claims. The focus should remain on understanding autism better, providing inclusive support systems, and fostering greater acceptance of neurodiversity in society.